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Full of Articles - The Chemistry of Leather Care
Leather can be thought of as a non-woven mass of fibrous collagen protein that is derived from the skin of animals and that has been rendered biorefractive. An animal skin is made biorefractive and thereby converted into leather by the tanning process. The tanning process permanently incorporates what amounts to biocide into the collagen protein. Other desirable characteristics are imparted to the leather through fatliquoring, coloring, dressing, waterproofing, shaping, and working.
Fatl
Fatl
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
iquoring is the process of incorporating fats, greases, and oils into the body of the leather. The presence of fats, greases, and oils in leather lubricates the fibers and tends to waterproof the leather. Without enough internal lubrication, the fibers will abrade and break due to friction, and the leather may crack.
Leather is given a color by means of dying or pigmenting. Depending upon the means employed, the coloration can be incorporated through the entire thickness of the leather,
Leather is given a color by means of dying or pigmenting. Depending upon the means employed, the coloration can be incorporated through the entire thickness of the leather,
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
r it can be concentrated at and near the surface.
Dressing is a surface finish that is given to the material. The surface finish is a continuous organic matrix distinct from the protein fibers. That organic matrix can range from a latex paint to a wax. Dressing always refers to that which is the outmost layer of organic matter of the leather. Thus it is possible for a dressing to be “dressed,” since it is possible to apply a wax polish to a surface of painted leather. Prior to wax poli
Dressing is a surface finish that is given to the material. The surface finish is a continuous organic matrix distinct from the protein fibers. That organic matrix can range from a latex paint to a wax. Dressing always refers to that which is the outmost layer of organic matter of the leather. Thus it is possible for a dressing to be “dressed,” since it is possible to apply a wax polish to a surface of painted leather. Prior to wax poli
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
hing, the organic matrix that is the paint outer layer of the leather was the “dressing.”
Working the leather refers to the repeated flexing of the leather in order to reduce stiffness. This is an entirely mechanical process.
HOW TO THINK OF CHEMICALS FOR LEATHER CARE
All chemical treatments of leather fall into one or more of these categories: substitute fatliquors, surface dressings, waterproofers, and cleaners.
HOW CLEANERS WORK
Cleaners are chemicals or chemical preparations that a
Working the leather refers to the repeated flexing of the leather in order to reduce stiffness. This is an entirely mechanical process.
HOW TO THINK OF CHEMICALS FOR LEATHER CARE
All chemical treatments of leather fall into one or more of these categories: substitute fatliquors, surface dressings, waterproofers, and cleaners.
HOW CLEANERS WORK
Cleaners are chemicals or chemical preparations that a
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
m to remove foreign matter from the leather. The trick with cleaners is that they have to be able to remove the foreign matter without themselves permanently changing the appearance of the leather being cleaned. Invariably, the matter that has to be removed from the leather is a solid or semi-solid, and the cleaning chemical is almost invariably a liquid. Cleaning is achieved either by dissolving the solid matter or by lifting the matter from contact with the leather through a process of
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
referential wetting. Preferential wetting means that the leather prefers to be in contact with the cleaning liquid more than with the solid contaminant.
In either case, dissolved solid or lifted contaminant, a cloth or sponge is nearly always necessary to complete the removal of the foreign matter from the leather. The foreign contaminating matter is transferred from the leather to the cleaning cloth.
The cleaner preparation also has to be removed from the leather to completely restore t
In either case, dissolved solid or lifted contaminant, a cloth or sponge is nearly always necessary to complete the removal of the foreign matter from the leather. The foreign contaminating matter is transferred from the leather to the cleaning cloth.
The cleaner preparation also has to be removed from the leather to completely restore t
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
he leather to its previously clean state. Cleaner that is not itself removed can become a foreign contaminant. Cleaner is removed either by rinsing, transfer to a cloth or sponge, by evaporation, or a combination of all three processes.
Rinsing is the process in which excess water is used to dissolve the leather cleaner and carry it off. In effect, rinse water substitutes for the cleaner chemical in the leather. Water, weakly bound in the fiber mass, then itself evaporates. This proces
Rinsing is the process in which excess water is used to dissolve the leather cleaner and carry it off. In effect, rinse water substitutes for the cleaner chemical in the leather. Water, weakly bound in the fiber mass, then itself evaporates. This proces
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
of removing cleaner is effective provided the leather itself is not adversely affected by getting wet.
If the leather to be cleaned is dressed, that is has a continuous matrix of organic matter on top of the fibers, then other dressing agents can be used to clean the leather product. In effect, it is the surface dressing that is to be cleaned, not the deep mass of protein fibers. Water and other leather dressing agents are useful in removing contaminants from dressed leather. The proces
If the leather to be cleaned is dressed, that is has a continuous matrix of organic matter on top of the fibers, then other dressing agents can be used to clean the leather product. In effect, it is the surface dressing that is to be cleaned, not the deep mass of protein fibers. Water and other leather dressing agents are useful in removing contaminants from dressed leather. The proces
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
es of dissolution and preferential wetting occur here also, as well as the transfer of solid contaminants from one body to another. Thus, cleaning, waxing, and polishing can occur as part of a single process.
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The c
SILCONES AND LEATHER
Silicone is a kind of synthetic oil, and the term silicone refers to a homologous series of organic chemicals that are based upon a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen. Organic side chains, most often methyl groups, are bonded to the silicon atoms. The c
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
ains are terminated with methyl groups, making them non-reactive. The chains also can be terminated with hydroxyl groups or with hydrogen, making them reactive.
Silicone oil is a lubricant, and when it is able to penetrate into the mass of fibers it acts as a substitute fatliquor. Silicone imparts water-repellency, as well as gloss and a pleasant “hand” or feel to leather. Because silicone wets the leather fibers so well, a moderate amount of silicone is able to substitute for fatliquor
Silicone oil is a lubricant, and when it is able to penetrate into the mass of fibers it acts as a substitute fatliquor. Silicone imparts water-repellency, as well as gloss and a pleasant “hand” or feel to leather. Because silicone wets the leather fibers so well, a moderate amount of silicone is able to substitute for fatliquor
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
ithout impairing the “breathing” of the leather. “Breathing” means that water vapor is able to pass though the mass of fibers. Leather can also be “stuffed” with grease or wax that blocks the passage of water vapor through the mass of fibers. The use of silicone enables the leather to be made water repellant to a degree without the loss of this quality of “breathing.” Stuffing leather with grease makes it waterproof, but renders the leather unable to “breathe.”
Silicone is usually an im
Silicone is usually an im
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
portant component of leather polishes, especially ones that require buffing to bring out the shine. The silicone helps smooth out the wax crystals into a continuous glossy matrix, and also contributes to gloss and water repellency.
Silicone is a very useful product in the care and cleaning of leather. It finds use as a fatliquor, in cleaners, and in dressings. The drawback to the use of silicone is that silicone has a very low surface tension, and the function of other, water-based leath
Silicone is a very useful product in the care and cleaning of leather. It finds use as a fatliquor, in cleaners, and in dressings. The drawback to the use of silicone is that silicone has a very low surface tension, and the function of other, water-based leath
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
r treatment chemicals can be impaired because silicone prevents the other product from wetting the leather.
NEATSFOOT OIL
Neatsfoot oil is produced by the rendering of the feet and shinbones of cattle. It is typically yellow in color, and has a low melting point. It is used to keep leather supple and flexible, which means that it acts as a lubricant for the protein fibers. As such, it acts as a substitute fatliquor.
DRESSINGS AND COLORINGS
A dressing is a coating that is external to t
NEATSFOOT OIL
Neatsfoot oil is produced by the rendering of the feet and shinbones of cattle. It is typically yellow in color, and has a low melting point. It is used to keep leather supple and flexible, which means that it acts as a lubricant for the protein fibers. As such, it acts as a substitute fatliquor.
DRESSINGS AND COLORINGS
A dressing is a coating that is external to t
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
e mass of protein fibers, and yet is bonded to it. Typically, a dressing consists of a continuous organic matrix that can hold other kinds of material, such as pigment. Because the coating is external, it is possible for a dressing to be dressed, as when a leather object is polished with wax or made water repellent with a product containing silicone. Dressings are used to provide a decorative and often a protective coating over the fibrous mass, and much of the leather sold commercially i
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
dressed during the manufacturing process. A dressing to a dressing is sometimes called a top dressing.
Aftermarket leather dressings are intended to restore or enhance the dressing that was applied to the leather in the manufacturing process. Waxes, for example, often contain die which matches the color of dressed leather, and the act of polishing the leather with colored wax applies a dressing that is a colorant, a waterproofing agent, and adds a pleasing gloss to the leather.
Colorant
Aftermarket leather dressings are intended to restore or enhance the dressing that was applied to the leather in the manufacturing process. Waxes, for example, often contain die which matches the color of dressed leather, and the act of polishing the leather with colored wax applies a dressing that is a colorant, a waterproofing agent, and adds a pleasing gloss to the leather.
Colorant
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
are dies and pigments that impart color to the leather, and are different from dressings. Colorants can be a component of a dressing product. Some leathers, during the manufacturing stage, are treated with coloring solutions that carry the coloring agents deep into the fiber mass so that the leather retains its color even when scuffed. Colorants are added to aftermarket dressings so that leather that has lost some of its color due to wear and weathering looks renewed.
WATERPROOFING
Man
WATERPROOFING
Man
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
y aftermarket chemical preparations are made to render leather waterproof or water repellant. There is a slight difference in meaning between the two terms. To be waterproof means that water simply will not go through the leather. The state is achieved by stuffing the leather with wax and/or grease. Leather in this state is often hot to wear, because the leather cannot breathe. It is impermeable because the gaps between the fibers have been largely filled by waterproofing agent and water
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
vapor gets trapped close to the body. But in a driving rainstorm, waterproof can be an essential property of the leather.
To be water repellent means that water does not wet the leather, but because the leather remains permeable liquid water can be forced through the leather by pressure. Water repellant leather can breathe because water vapor can escape through the fibers even if liquid water cannot wet them. Water repellency of leather is usually achieved through treatment with silicone
To be water repellent means that water does not wet the leather, but because the leather remains permeable liquid water can be forced through the leather by pressure. Water repellant leather can breathe because water vapor can escape through the fibers even if liquid water cannot wet them. Water repellency of leather is usually achieved through treatment with silicone
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
Silicone remains liquid and wets the fibers, forming a film on them that water cannot wet. The film is thin enough that the gaps between the fibers remain unfilled.
Of the two terms, water proof is closer to the absolute than water repellent.
A degree of water proofing or water repellency can be gained through products that apply a surface finish to the leather. It is the surface finish that supplies the resistance to penetration by liquid water, not the mass of fibers.
COMMERCIAL PRO
Of the two terms, water proof is closer to the absolute than water repellent.
A degree of water proofing or water repellency can be gained through products that apply a surface finish to the leather. It is the surface finish that supplies the resistance to penetration by liquid water, not the mass of fibers.
COMMERCIAL PRO
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
UCTS
The four functions of leather care are: cleaning, replacement of fatliquor, surface dressing and waterproofing. The products of commerce for aftermarket leather care offer one, some, or all of these functions.
Waxes, fats, greases, and fatty oil are all naturally repel water; and most of them are useful lubricants for leather fibers. Thus mink oil and “dubbin” products both act as waterproofing agents as well as substitute fatliquors, each being better at one function than the other
The four functions of leather care are: cleaning, replacement of fatliquor, surface dressing and waterproofing. The products of commerce for aftermarket leather care offer one, some, or all of these functions.
Waxes, fats, greases, and fatty oil are all naturally repel water; and most of them are useful lubricants for leather fibers. Thus mink oil and “dubbin” products both act as waterproofing agents as well as substitute fatliquors, each being better at one function than the other
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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